A theory developed by Eduardo Viveiros de Castro’s in the 1990s as a critique of Western multiculturalism, suggesting multinaturalism instead. In multiculturalism, Western ontologies established differences in cultures and separated humanity from nature. De Castro argued that indigenous ideologies viewed all of humanity and nature as one culture, which is manifested in various different bodies and beings (multinaturalism). He also suggested that all beings see themselves as “human,” positioning everyone as a subject from their own perspective.